2003;4:101C19. was evaluated from the ankle-brachial index (ABI). Results: The rate of recurrence of probable RLS according to the questionnaire results was 21% (17% for males and 27% for ladies). However, after thorough neurological exam, the analysis of RLS was confirmed in only 5 individuals. Therefore, the overall definitive RLS rate of recurrence was 4.5% (within the prevalence reported for the general human population) and was higher among women (9.7% vs 0.2%). In the remaining cases symptoms were due to lower leg discomfort related with other disorders. Individuals with probable and improbable RLS were not significantly different in age, ABI, diabetes, and additional comorbid circumstances, except for tricyclic antidepressant prescription, which was more frequent in the probable RLS group (17% vs 2%). Renal function was better in definitive RLS patients than cases classified as probable RLS by the questionnaire but not confirmed after neurological exam. Conclusions: Although RLS can represent an early manifestation of CKD, its prevalence seems very close to that reported for the general population. Diagnostic confirmation of RLS dramatically falls after expert examination, raising the question whether, in the study of RLS cohorts, CKD has a potentially causal relationship or is usually a confounding factor associated with other causes of lower leg pain. Citation: Calvi?o J, Cigarrn S, Lopez LM, Martinez A, Sobrido MJ. Restless legs syndrome in non-dialysis renal patients: is it really that common? 2015;11(1):57C60. strong class=”kwd-title” Keywords: restless legs syndrome, chronic renal failure, prevalence, RLS mimics, IRLSSG questionnaire Sleep disorders are common among dialysis patients (up to 60%) but may also be frequent in chronic kidney disease (CKD), even before renal replacement therapy.1 Insomnia or insufficient sleep time, excessive daytime sleepiness, restless legs syndrome (RLS), and LY2812223 obstructive sleep apnea are the most common problems.1,2 Since the daily clinical practice of nephrologists is mainly focused on renal and cardiovascular endpoints, sleep complaints in the non-dialyzed populace might be under-recognized. Except for severe cases, patients with chronic renal disease may not mention their sleep complaints to the nephrologist if not specifically asked. However, besides affecting quality of life, sleep disorders may further increase cardiovascular morbidity and mortality in the CKD populace.3,4 BRIEF SUMMARY Current Knowledge/Study Rationale: The frequency of restless legs syndrome (RLS) among patients with chronic kidney disease (CKD) is debated and LY2812223 may be overestimated due to co-morbidities and RLS mimics, such as vascular disease, arthritis and peripheral neuropathy. Most investigations of RLS in renal disease have studied dialysis patients. The aim of our study was to address this issue in non dialysis CKD. Study Impact: The results of our study suggest that the prevalence of RLS in CKD may be similar to that in the general population. Expert neurological evaluation is essential for the confirmation of RLS, while self-administered questionnaires based on the consensus diagnostic criteria can lead to overestimation of the frequency of RLS among patients with kidney diseases. There is growing interest to improve identification of patients with RLS among CKD since, in addition to a unfavorable impact on sleep and quality of life, it is usually associated with increased morbidity and mortality.5 RLS is characterized by unpleasant sensations in the legs causing an urge to move them. These symptoms usually arise in the first part of the night and worsen while sitting or resting.6 RLS, which is common in the general populace and may dramatically decrease quality of life, can be familial, idiopathic, or associated with a miscellaneous spectrum of disorders, including iron deficiency, Parkinson disease, multiple sclerosis, hypertension, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, depression, pregnancy, sleep apnea, and CKD.7C12 Alcohol, tobacco,.Epidemiology, impact, and treatment options of restless legs syndrome in endstage renal disease patients: an evidence-based review. questionnaire underwent a systematic neurological examination. The presence of peripheral artery disease was evaluated by the ankle-brachial index (ABI). Results: The frequency of probable RLS according to the questionnaire results was 21% (17% for men and 27% for ladies). However, after thorough neurological examination, the diagnosis of RLS was confirmed in only 5 patients. Therefore, the overall definitive RLS frequency was 4.5% (within the prevalence reported for the general populace) and was higher among women (9.7% vs 0.2%). In the remaining cases symptoms were due to lower leg discomfort related with other disorders. Patients with probable and improbable RLS were not significantly different in age, ABI, diabetes, and other comorbid circumstances, except for tricyclic antidepressant prescription, which was more frequent in the probable RLS group (17% vs 2%). Renal function was better in definitive RLS patients than cases classified as probable RLS by the questionnaire but not confirmed after neurological exam. Conclusions: Although RLS can represent an early manifestation of CKD, its prevalence seems very close to that reported for the general population. Diagnostic confirmation of RLS dramatically falls after expert examination, raising the question whether, in the study of RLS cohorts, CKD has a potentially causal relationship or is usually a confounding factor associated with other causes of lower leg pain. Citation: Calvi?o J, Cigarrn S, Lopez LM, Martinez A, Sobrido MJ. Restless legs syndrome in non-dialysis renal patients: is it really that common? 2015;11(1):57C60. strong class=”kwd-title” Keywords: restless legs syndrome, chronic renal failure, prevalence, RLS mimics, IRLSSG questionnaire Sleep disorders are common among dialysis patients (up to 60%) but may also be frequent in chronic kidney disease (CKD), even before renal replacement therapy.1 Insomnia or insufficient sleep time, excessive daytime sleepiness, restless legs syndrome (RLS), and obstructive sleep apnea are the most common problems.1,2 Since the daily clinical practice of nephrologists is mainly focused on renal and cardiovascular endpoints, sleep complaints in the non-dialyzed populace might be under-recognized. Except for severe cases, patients with chronic renal disease may not mention their sleep complaints to the nephrologist if not specifically asked. However, besides affecting quality of life, sleep disorders may SACS further increase cardiovascular morbidity and mortality in the CKD populace.3,4 BRIEF SUMMARY Current Knowledge/Study Rationale: The frequency of restless legs syndrome (RLS) among patients with chronic kidney disease (CKD) is debated and may be overestimated due to co-morbidities and RLS mimics, such as vascular disease, arthritis and peripheral neuropathy. Most investigations of RLS in renal disease have studied dialysis patients. The aim of our study was to address this issue in non dialysis CKD. Study Impact: The results of our study suggest that the prevalence of RLS in CKD may be similar to that in the general population. Expert neurological evaluation is essential for the confirmation of RLS, while self-administered questionnaires based on the consensus diagnostic criteria can lead to overestimation of the frequency of RLS among patients with kidney diseases. There is growing interest to improve identification of patients with RLS among CKD since, in addition to a negative impact on sleep and quality of life, it is associated with increased morbidity and mortality.5 RLS is characterized by unpleasant sensations in the legs causing an LY2812223 urge to move them. These symptoms usually arise in the first part of the night and worsen while sitting or resting.6 RLS, which is common in the general population and may dramatically decrease quality of life, can be familial, idiopathic, or associated with a miscellaneous spectrum of disorders, including iron deficiency, Parkinson disease, multiple sclerosis, hypertension, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, depression, pregnancy, sleep apnea, and CKD.7C12 Alcohol, tobacco, and caffeine consumption also increase the risk of RLS.13 Renal disease, particularly end-stage renal disease (ESRD), is one of the most common disorders associated with RLS.8,11,14 In uremia, RLS has been mostly related to ESRD, with the reported prevalence among dialysis patients being as high as 50%.1C4 However, the prevalence of RLS in non-dialysis CKD patients, as well as its association with the severity of renal dysfunction is still unclear. The aim of this study was to ascertain the prevalence of RLS in patients with CKD (stages 2 to 4) and its relationship with.